Ngikhumbula ngiseyingane, ehlobo kusihlwa emaphandleni, kwatshiyoza ama-cicada namaxoxo.Lapho ngiphakamisa ikhanda, ngashayisana nezinkanyezi ezikhanyayo.Yonke inkanyezi ikhipha ukukhanya, kumnyama noma kukhanye, ngayinye inobuhle bayo.I-Milky Way enabasakazi abamibalabala yinhle futhi ivusa umcabango.

Lapho ngikhula, futhi ngibheka phezulu esibhakabhakeni edolobheni, ngangihlale ngisithwe ungqimba lwentuthu futhi ngathola ukuthi ngangingakwazi ukubona izinkanyezi ezimbalwa.Ingabe zonke izinkanyezi zinyamalele?

Sekungamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka izinkanyezi zikhona, futhi ukukhanya kwazo kuye kwafihlwa ukukhula kwamadolobha ngenxa yokungcoliswa kokukhanya.

Inkinga yokungaziboni izinkanyezi

Eminyakeni engu-4,300 edlule, abantu baseShayina basendulo base bekwazile ukubuka izithombe nesikhathi.Babekwazi ukubuka isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi ngeso lenyama, ngaleyo ndlela bethola amagama angu-24 elanga.

Kodwa njengoba ukukhula kwedolobha kuqhubeka ngesivinini, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe abahlala emadolobheni bathola ukuthi izinkanyezi zibonakala “ziwile” futhi ukukhanya kwasebusuku kuyanyamalala.

Inkinga yokungcoliswa kokukhanya yabekwa phambili umphakathi wesayensi yezinkanyezi wamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1930, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kwedolobha langaphandle kwenza isibhakabhaka sikhanye, okunomthelela omubi kakhulu ekuhloleni izinkanyezi, owaziwa nangokuthi "umsindo nokungcoliswa kokukhanya", "ukulimala kokukhanya" kanye "ukuphazamiseka okukhanyayo", njll., kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokungcola emhlabeni, okulula ukungazinaki.

Ngo-2013, ukwanda kokukhanya kwezibani zedolobha laseShayina kwaba yinkinga enkulu kakhulu yokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Abacwaningi abavela e-Italy, eJalimane, e-United States nase-Israel manje sebekhiqize i-atlas enembe kakhulu kuze kube manje yemiphumela yokungcoliswa kokukhanya eplanethini lapho abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 bechayeka ekukhanyeni okwenziwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, futhi lapho cishe i-80 amaphesenti abantu baseYurophu nase-United States abakwazi ukubona i-Milky Way.

Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu emhlabeni ayisakwazi ukubona izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ngenxa yokungcola kokukhanya, ngokocwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi- Science Advances.

Umbiko wenhlolovo yaseMelika ubonisa ukuthi cishe abantu abangu-2/3 emhlabeni baphila endaweni engcolile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola okubangelwa ukukhanya okwenziwa kuyanda unyaka nonyaka, ngokwanda konyaka ngo-6% eJalimane, ngo-10% e-Italy no-12% eJapane.

Ukuhlukaniswa kokungcola kokukhanya

Izigcawu zasebusuku ezimibalabala zigqamisa ubukhazikhazi bokuchuma kwedolobha, futhi kufihlwe kulo mhlaba okhanyayo ukungcoliswa kokukhanya okucashile.

Ukungcoliswa ukukhanya kuwumqondo ohlobene.Akusho ukuthi ukufinyelela inani eliphelele ukungcoliswa kokukhanya.Ekukhiqizeni kwansuku zonke kanye nokuphila, inani elithile lokukhanya liyadingeka ukuze lingene emehlweni, kodwa ngaphezu kobubanzi obuthile, ukukhanya okweqile kusenza sizizwe singakhululekile okubukwayo, futhi kubangele ngisho nokusabela okubi ngokomzimba, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukungcoliswa kokukhanya".

Ukubonakaliswa kokungcoliswa kokukhanya kuhlukile ezikhathini ezihlukene, okuwukukhanya, ukukhanya okuphazamisayo nokukhanya kokuphuma esibhakabhakeni.

Ukucwebezela kubangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga okuvela endaweni engaphambili yengilazi emini, futhi ebusuku, izinto zokukhanyisa eziphazamisa imisebenzi yokubuka.Ukukhanya kokuphazamisa ukukhanya okuvela esibhakabhakeni okufinyelela phezu kwefasitela legumbi lokuphumula.Futhi ukukhanya okuvela emthonjeni wokwenziwa, uma kuya esibhakabhakeni, sikubiza ngokuthi i-sky astigmatism.

Emazweni ngamazwe, ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu, okungukuthi, ukungcoliswa kokukhanya okumhlophe, usuku lokwenziwa, ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kombala.

Ukungcola okumhlophe ikakhulukazi kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho ilanga libalele kakhulu, udonga lwamakhethini engilazi, udonga lwezitini ezicwebezelayo, imabula epholishiwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezingubo ezinemihlobiso yezakhiwo ezisedolobheni ziveza ukukhanya, okwenza izakhiwo zibe mhlophe futhi zicwebezele.

Usuku lokuzenzela, lubhekisela ezinxanxatheleni zezitolo, amahhotela ngemva kokuwa kwezibani zokukhangisa ebusuku, izibani ze-neon ezikhazimulayo, ezicwazimulayo, ezinye izibani ezikhanyayo eziqinile zize ziqonde esibhakabhakeni, okwenza ubusuku bube yimini, okungukuthi usuku olubizwa ngokuthi lokwenziwa.

Ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kombala ikakhulukazi kubhekisela ekukhanyeni okumnyama, ukukhanya okujikelezayo, ukukhanya kwe-fluorescent nomthombo wokukhanya okhanyayo ofakwe ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa kuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kombala.

*Ingabe ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kubhekisela empilweni yomuntu?

Ukunukubezeka kokukhanya ikakhulukazi kubhekise esenzweni sokuthi imisebe yamehlo eyeqile idala imiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo yokukhiqiza, okungeyokungcoliswa kokukhanya.Ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kuvame kakhulu.Ikhona kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komuntu futhi ithinta ukuphila kwabantu ngendlela engabonakali.Yize noma ukungcola okukhanyayo kuzungeze abantu, abantu abaningi abakaqapheli ubunzima bokungcoliswa kokukhanya kanye nomthelela wokungcola kokukhanya empilweni yomuntu engokomzimba neyengqondo.

* Ukulimala kwamehlo

Ngokuthuthuka kokwakhiwa kwamadolobha kanye nenqubekelaphambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, abantu bacishe bazibeka "ekukhanyeni okunamandla nombala obuthakathaka" "indawo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo".

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya okubonakalayo, ukungcola kwe-infrared akukwazi ukubonwa ngeso lenyama, kubonakala ngesimo semisebe eshisayo, kulula ukubangela ukulimala okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa.I-infrared ray enobude begagasi obungu-7500-13000 angstroms inokudluliswa okuphezulu ku-cornea, engashisa i-retina futhi ibangele i-cataract.Njengohlobo lwamaza kagesi, imisebe ye-ultraviolet ngokuvamile ivela elangeni.Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emisebeni ye-ultraviolet kungabangela kalula imibimbi, ukushiswa yilanga, ulwelwesi lwamehlo, umdlavuza wesikhumba, ukulimala okubonakalayo kanye nokuncipha kwamasosha omzimba.

*Iphazamisa ukulala

Nakuba abantu belala bevale amehlo, ukukhanya kusengadlula enkopheni futhi kuphazamise ubuthongo.Ngokwezibalo zakhe zomtholampilo, cishe u-5% -6% wokuqwasha ubangelwa umsindo, ukukhanya nezinye izici zemvelo, lapho ukukhanya kubala cishe u-10%.“Lapho ukuqwasha kwenzeka, umzimba awukutholi ukuphumula ngokwanele, okungaholela ezinkingeni ezijulile zempilo.”

* Dala umdlavuza

Ucwaningo luye lwahlobanisa umsebenzi weshifu ebusuku namazinga andayo omdlavuza webele nowe-prostate.

Umbiko wango-2008 kumagazini i-International Chronobiology uyakuqinisekisa lokhu.Ososayensi bahlole imiphakathi engu-147 kwa-Israel futhi bathola ukuthi abesifazane abanamazinga aphezulu okungcola okukhanyayo basengozini enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza webele.Isizathu singase sibe ukuthi ukukhanya okungezona ezemvelo kuvimbela amasosha omzimba omzimba womuntu, kuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni, ibhalansi ye-endocrine ibhujiswe futhi ibangele umdlavuza.

* Khiqiza imizwa emibi

Ucwaningo kumamodeli ezilwane lubonise ukuthi lapho ukukhanya kungenakugwenywa, kungaba nemiphumela emibi kusimo sengqondo nokukhathazeka.Uma abantu isikhathi eside ngaphansi irradiation izibani ezinemibala, umphumela walo ukunqwabelana ngokwengqondo, kuzophinde kubangele ukukhathala nobuthakathaka, isiyezi, neurasthenia kanye nezinye izifo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo amazinga ahlukahlukene.

* Ungakuvimbela kanjani ukungcoliswa kokukhanya?

Ukuvimbela nokulawula ukungcoliswa kokukhanya kuyiprojekthi yesistimu yezenhlalakahle, edinga ukubamba iqhaza okugcwele kanye nemizamo ehlangene kahulumeni, abakhiqizi kanye nabantu ngabanye.

Ngokombono wokuhlela amadolobha, imithetho yokukhanyisa iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokubeka imingcele enengqondo ekungcoleni kokukhanya.Njengoba umphumela wokukhanya okwenziwa ezintweni eziphilayo uncike ekuqineni kokukhanya, i-spectrum, isiqondiso sokukhanya (njengokukhanya okuqondile komthombo wokukhanya nokusabalalisa ukukhanya komkhathi), izici ezihlukahlukene zokukhanyisa zidinga ukulawulwa ekulungiseleleni ukuhlela ukukhanyisa. , kuhlanganise nokukhethwa komthombo wokukhanya, izibani nezindlela zokukhanyisa.

Bambalwa abantu ezweni lakithi abaqaphela ukulimala kokungcoliswa kokukhanya, ngakho-ke alikho izinga elibumbene kulokhu.Kuyadingeka ukusetha izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokukhanyisa kwezwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuphishekela kwabantu besimanje ukukhanya kwekhwalithi ephezulu, sikhuthaza “ukukhanya okunempilo nokukhanyisa okuhlakaniphile”, sithuthukise ngokuphelele indawo yokukhanyisa, futhi sinikeze ulwazi lwesevisi yokukhanyisa komuntu.

Kuyini “ukukhanya okunempilo”?Okusho ukuthi, umthombo wokukhanya oseduze nokukhanya kwemvelo.Ukukhanya kukhululekile futhi kungokwemvelo, futhi kucabangela ngokugcwele izinga lokushisa lombala, ukukhanya, ukuvumelana phakathi kokukhanya nesithunzi, kuvimbela ukulimala kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (R12), kwandisa amandla ahlobene okukhanya okubomvu (R9), dala okunempilo, okuphephile nokunethezeka. imvelo yokukhanyisa, ukuhlangabezana nemizwelo yabantu engokwengqondo, ukukhuthaza impilo yomzimba nengqondo.

Lapho abantu bejabulela ukuchuma kwedolobha, kuba nzima ukubalekela ukungcoliswa kokukhanya okukhona yonke indawo.Abantu kufanele baqonde kahle ukulimala kokungcoliswa kokukhanya.Akufanele nje banake indawo abahlala kuyo kuphela, kodwa futhi bagweme ukuchayeka isikhathi eside endaweni engcolile yokukhanya.Ukuvimbela nokulawula ukungcoliswa kokukhanya nakho kudinga imizamo yawo wonke umuntu, evela emthonjeni ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kokukhanya.